Review On: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Abstract

A metabolic and reproductive condition affecting the ovaries is PCOD, often known as PCOS. An ovary is a dynamic organ that adapts to its hormonal environment by changing its shape, structure, and appearance. The primary cause of infertility, diabetes, and irregular menstruation is PCOD, also known as PCOS, a disorder in which women of reproductive age have enlarged ovaries that begin releasing an excessive quantity for male reproductive hormones (androgens). menstruation as well as hirsutism. Although the precise etiology of the condition is still unknown, it is thought to be brought on by changes in dietary requirements, lifestyle choices, lack of exercise, and—above all—stress levels. Certain medications have the ability to create an artificial menstrual cycle.

Introduction

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS), also called Stein-Leventhal Syndrome or hyperandrogenic anovulation (HA), is a common endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age. It is characterized by hormonal imbalance, irregular menstruation, ovarian cysts, and symptoms such as hirsutism, acne, weight gain, and infertility. PCOS may begin as early as in utero and affects 3%–26% of adolescent girls.

Symptoms:

• Irregular or heavy periods

• Acne and oily skin

• Excess body/facial hair (hirsutism)

• Scalp hair thinning

• Infertility

• Insulin resistance and weight issues

Causes and Risk Factors:

• Genetic predisposition (via GWAS studies)

• Environmental Endocrine Disruptors (EEDs) interfering with hormonal regulation

• Lifestyle and environmental changes

Need for the Study:
PCOS is increasing among adolescents and young women. If untreated, it can lead to serious complications like diabetes and heart disease. Raising awareness, especially among healthcare professionals like nursing students, is crucial for early detection and management.

Clinical Assessments:

• Diagnosis in family members based on menstrual irregularity and hirsutism (using Ferriman-Gallwey scoring).

• Androgen levels not assessed in hormonally treated or postmenopausal women.

Clinical Significance:

• Detected in 17–33% of women via ultrasound.

• Ovaries appear enlarged with >12 follicles (2–9 mm each) or increased volume (>10 cm³).

• May signal reduced ovarian aging and increased ovarian reserve.

Long-Term Health Impacts:

• Increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), especially in postmenopausal women with PCOS symptoms.

• Risk may be underestimated due to inconsistent diagnostic criteria and limited follow-up studies.

Insulin Resistance:

• Closely linked with visceral fat distribution.

• Many earlier studies lacked precision in measuring fat distribution and its effect on insulin resistance in PCOS.

Medical Treatments:

• First-line treatments: Oral contraceptives to regulate cycles and reduce androgens.

• Medications: Metformin (improves insulin sensitivity), antiandrogens like spironolactone, and fertility drugs.

• Combined therapies (e.g., Metformin + COCs) show better outcomes in overweight women.

Antiandrogens:

• Two types: androgen receptor blockers (e.g., spironolactone) and 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors (e.g., finasteride).

• Effective for symptom control and improving insulin sensitivity, though data in adolescents is limited.

Herbal Remedies:
Several traditional herbs are used to manage PCOS symptoms:

1. Asparagus Racemosus (Shatavari) – Supports ovarian function and reduces insulin resistance.

2. Cinnamon – Improves insulin sensitivity and menstrual regulation.

3. Guduchi (Tinospora Cordifolia) – Reduces inflammation and boosts metabolism.

4. Shahapushpi (Foeniculum Vulgare) – Rich in phytoestrogens, supports hormonal balance.

5. Maca (Lepidium Meyenii) – Balances estrogen and progesterone, supports endocrine function.

Inflammation and Oxidative Stress:
Women with PCOS show higher levels of inflammation markers (e.g., CRP, cytokines) and oxidative stress, which contribute to its pathology and related metabolic complications.

Conclusion

In induction, the aim of PCOS treatment is to transfer particular objects that are suited to each case\'s unique conditions. Because PCOS progresses in different ways, there are treatment strategies that work. Indeed, if a causative treatment would be the stylish option, farther examination is mandatory to comprehensively understand the pathophysiology of PCOS. still, fresh information regarding different treatment discretions is forever being caught on, and moxie in this region is invariably rearing.

References

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Copyright

Copyright © 2025 Miss. Sanskruti S. Chavan, Miss. Rushali S Bedjawalge, Dr. Nitin M. Gawai, Ms. Samiksha Bait, Ms. Shivani Divekar. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.